Fig. 2
From: Molecular landscape of congenital vertebral malformations: recent discoveries and future directions
Classification of vertebrae malformations based on the segmentation or formation failures. Segmentation defects encompass block vertebra and unilateral unsegmented bar, whereas formation defects include wedge vertebra, hemivertebra, and butterfly vertebra. Hemivertebra is classified into fully segmented, incarcerated, semisegmented, and nonsegmented. Segmentation defects were illustrated using the example of the lumbar spine segment. Created with Biorender.com