Table 2 Ultrasound findings including liver, spleen, and kidney in patients with BBS

Cooperation US exam

 Calm

85.7% (n = 42)

77.8% (n = 21)

95.5% (n = 21)

 Restless

14.3% (n = 7)

22.2% (n = 6)

4.5% (n = 1)

Fasting since

 < 1 h

20.4% (n = 10)

22.2% (n = 6)

18.2% (n = 4)

 < 2 h

8.2% (n = 4)

11.1% (n = 3)

4.5% (n = 1)

 < 3 h

10.2% (n = 5)

11.1% (n = 3)

9.1% (n = 2)

 < 4 h

34.7% (n = 17)

33.3% (n = 9)

36.4% (n = 8)

 > 4 h

26.5% (n = 13)

22.2% (n = 6)

31.8% (n = 7)

LIVER + SPLEEN

 Duration US liver exam (min)

7.5 ± 2.6 (7; 4–15)

 ± 2.3 (7; 4–13)

7.4 ± 2.9 (6; 5–15)

 Liver Size (% relative to the mean)

114 ± 18 (111; 86–158)

116 ± 20 (110; 86–158)

112 ± 16 (112; 86–152)

 Spleen Size (% relative to the mean)

108 ± 12 (107; 80–140)

106 ± 13 (106; 80–134)

109 ± 12 (108; 94–140)

 Abdominal wall thickness (mm)

22.5 ± 7.5 (22;9–43)

21.3 ± 5.8 (23; 9–31)

24.1 ± 8.9 (20.5; 9–43)

Liver lower edge

 Concave shape

75.5% (n = 37)

74.1% (n = 20)

77.3% (n = 17)

 Pointed shape

14.3% (n = 7)

14.8% (n = 4)

13.6% (n = 3)

 Rounded shape

10.2% (n = 5)

11.1% (n = 3)

9.1% (n = 2)

Liver echogenicity

 Normal

65.3% (n = 32)

66.7% (n = 18)

63.6% (n = 14)

 Increased

34.7% (n = 17)

33.3% (n = 9)

36.4% (n = 8)

 Decreased

0% (n = 0)

0% (n = 0)

0% (n = 0)

Gallbladder

 Empty

18.4% (n = 9)

25.9% (n = 7)

9.1% (n = 2)

 Medium full

 Full

22.4% (n = 11)

55.1% (n = 27)

18.5% (n = 5)

55.6% (n = 15)

27.3% (n = 6)

54.5% (n = 12)

 Removed

4.1% (n = 2)

0% (n = 0)

9.1% (n = 2)

A. hepatica systolic flow velocity (cm/s)

60.6 ± 36.4 (51; 30–189)

64.6 ± 38.1 (52; 30–182)

57.3 ± 34.6 (47.5; 31–189)

V. porta flow velocity (cm/s)

28.6 ± 8.5 (26.5; 17–51)

31.2 ± 8.8 (30; 18–51)

26.3 ± 7.6 (26; 17–50)

V. hepatica flow velocity (cm/s)

40.3 ± 16.3 (41; 18–85)

41.2 ± 16.9 (41; 18–78)

39.6 ± 15.6 (38; 20–85)

V. hepatica flow profile

 Triphasic flow pattern

49.0% (n = 24)

37.0% (n = 10)

63.6% (n = 14)

 Limited triphasic flow pattern

16.3% (n = 8)

18.5% (n = 5)

13.6% (n = 3)

 Biphasic flow pattern

18.4% (n = 9)

18.5% (n = 5)

18.2% (n = 4)

 Monophasic flow pattern

0% (n = 0)

0% (n = 0)

0% (n = 0)

 Not measured

16.3% (n = 8)

25.9% (n = 7)

4.5% (n = 1)

KIDNEY

 Total kidney volume (% relative to the mean)

115 ± 42 (105; 49–224)

102 ± 34 (93; 49–182)

131 ± 45 (137; 57–224)

 Right Kidney volume (% relative to the mean)

115 ± 48 (105; 43–273)

98 ± 32 (94; 48–190)

136 ± 56 (126; 43–273)

 Left Kidney volume (% relative to the mean)

115 ± 48 (102; 22–214)

106 ± 41 (101; 35–214)

126 ± 53 (116; 22–214)

 Volume (right-sided; ml)

109.3 ± 58.2 (101.5; 24–293)

86.3 ± 42.7 (84; 24–170)

138.9 ± 62.0 (125; 46–293)

 Volume (left-sided; ml)

111.1 ± 60.2 (102.3; 17–230)

87.7 ± 50.9 (86; 17–230)

141,1 ± 57.9 (147; 24–230)

Echogenicity (right-sided)

 Normal

52.1% (n = 25)

40.7% (n = 11)

66.7% (n = 14)

 Increased

47.9% (n = 23)

59.3% (n = 16)

33.3% (n = 7)

Echogenicity (left-sided)

 Normal

47.9% (n = 23)

33.3% (n = 9)

66.7% (n = 14)

 Increased

52.1% (n = 25)

66.7% (n = 18)

33.3% (n = 7)

Corticomedullary-differentiation

(right-sided)

 Normal

37.5% (n = 18)

25.9% (n = 7)

52.4% (n = 11)

 Reduced

29.2% (n = 14)

29.6% (n = 8)

28.6% (n = 6)

 Non-existent

33.3% (n = 16)

44.4% (n = 12)

19.0% (n = 4)

Corticomedullary-differentiation

(left-sided)

 Normal

39.6% (n = 19)

25.9% (n = 7)

57.1% (n = 12)

 Reduced

31.2% (n = 15)

37.0% (n = 10)

23.8% (n = 5)

 Non-existent

29.2% (n = 14)

37.0% (n = 10)

19.0% (n = 4)

Persistent fetal lobulation (right-sided)

 No

56.3% (n = 27)

63.0% (n = 17)

47.6% (n = 10)

 Yes

43.7% (n = 21)

37.0% (n = 10)

52.4% (n = 11)

Persistent fetal lobulation (left-sided)

 No

60.4% (n = 29)

66.7% (n = 18)

52.4% (n = 11)

 Yes

39.6% (n = 19)

33.3% (n = 9)

47.6% (n = 10)

Urinary tract disorder (right-sided)

 No

91.7% (n = 44)

88.9% (n = 24)

95.2% (n = 20)

 Yes

8.3% (n = 4)

11.1% (n = 3)

4.8% (n = 1)

Urinary tract disorder (left-sided)

 No

89.6% (n = 43)

88.9% (n = 24)

90.5% (n = 19)

 Yes

10.4% (n = 5)

11.1% (n = 3)

9.5% (n = 2)

A. renalis systolic flow velocity (m/s)

(right-sided)

75.2 ± 21.3 (73; 43–125)

76.5 ± 24.5 (76; 43–125)

72.9 ± 13.6 (73; 48–94)

A. renalis systolic flow velocity (m/s)

(left-sided)

67.2 ± 21.0 (61; 38–132)

74.2 ± 22.0 (73; 43–132)

55.2 ± 11.7 (56; 38–72)

A. renalis resistance index (RI)

(right-sided)

0.68 ± 0.09 (0.68; 0.36–0.82)

0.69 ± 0.10 (0.70; 0.36–0.82)

0.65 ± 0.07 (0.66; 0.47–0.73)

A. renalis resistance index (RI)

(left-sided)

0.70 ± 0.06 (0.71; 0.50–0.80)

0.71 ± 0.06 (0.71; 0.50–0.80)

0.69 ± 0.05 (0.70; 0.58–0.75)

Bladdervolume unusual full

 No

83.3% (n = 40)

81.5% (n = 22)

85.7% (n = 18)

 Yes

16.7% (n = 8)

18.5% (n = 5)

14.3% (n = 3)

2 RT, 2 NC 1 (adults)

1 pelvic kidney left-sided (child)