Fig. 3

Bibliometric and visual analysis. A Temporal trends in English-language publications (Web of Science Core Collection). B Global publication density map (VOSviewer v1.6.19). C Annual contributions from the top 10 countries (threshold: ≥ 15 papers). D International collaboration network (minimum of 5 coauthored papers). E Keyword co-occurrence clusters. F Keyword bursts*. Note: *X-axis: Chronological span (1962–2025) delineating periods of sustained keyword prominence. Red bars represent high-strength citation bursts, indicating a dominant thematic focus. The blue bars correspond to moderate-strength bursts, reflecting emerging trends